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href="../../../../../" target="_self" title="中國?？谡T戶網站" class="CurrChnlCls">中國?？谡T戶網站</a> >> <a href="../../../../" target="_self" title="市情" class="CurrChnlCls">市情</a> >> <a href="../../../" target="_self" title="歷史名城" class="CurrChnlCls">歷史名城</a> >> <a href="../../" target="_self" title="名勝古跡" class="CurrChnlCls">名勝古跡</a> >> <a href="../" target="_self" title="椰城傳說" class="CurrChnlCls">椰城傳說</a> >> 正文 </div> <div class="maincon"> <h1 class="maincon-t">?古代族譜如何修成</h1> <div class="maincon-i">中國?？谡T戶網站　　更新時間：2023-03-20 16:51 　　來源：海南日報　　作者：韓惠嬌</div> <div class="maincon-p"><input class="btn" onClick="javascript:window.print()" type="button" value="打印此文" name="print2" /> <input class="btn" onClick="window.close()" type="button" value="關閉窗口" name="close2" /></div> <div id="zl_Articel" class="maincon-c"> <div class="view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web"><p style="text-indent: 2em;">原標題：從《海氏族譜》木刻板說起　<span style="text-indent: 0em;"></span><span style="text-indent: 0em;">古代族譜如何修成</span></p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230320608983243931.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230320608111336173.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="1.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="1.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230320608983243931.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">傳世的八塊《海氏族譜》木刻板。海南省博物館提供</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230320608983264686.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230320608205480292.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="2.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="2.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230320608983264686.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">《海氏族譜》木刻板上的海瑞畫像。海南省博物館提供</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230320608983288340.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230320608279240754.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="3.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="3.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230320608983288340.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">道光十四年（1834年）的《海氏族譜序》。陳耿攝</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">古人云：“立族之本，端在修譜。族之有譜，猶如國之有史；國無史不立，族無譜不傳?！痹诋斀裆鐣?，宗族觀念漸弱，以族為群居的生活方式被打破。在鋼筋水泥的城市里，那個依山傍水聚族而居的“家族”身影正在淡去，而作為宗族記錄的“族譜”亦漸漸淹沒于風塵。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海南省博物館珍藏的八塊《海氏族譜》木刻板是海南文博系統館藏的唯一一件“族譜”文物，它為我們掀開從廣東遷居海南的海氏族群歷史的帷幕……</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海氏族譜木刻板斷代迷思</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">此“海氏”是明代譽為“忠絕”的名臣——海瑞的宗族，而海氏族譜木刻板正是海瑞族人所編撰族譜的刊刻木版。族譜乃一族之史，一般記載有血緣脈絡的家族世系、家規家訓、著名人物傳記、民俗藝文、義莊、墳塋等內容。此木刻版據載原為176塊，現僅余8塊。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">筆者在查詢資料時，發現此海氏族譜木刻板的斷代存在爭議，一說為明代之物，一說則證其為清代。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">此木刻板是用于印制海氏族譜的雕版印刷的木刻板。古文獻學家趙萬里說過：“傳世明代譜牒，大多是徽州一帶大族居多，徽州以外絕少?！泵鞔罩莸貐^印刷業發達，連印制族譜都有專司其職的機構——“譜司”進行刊刻印制。明代中、后期是雕版印刷業遍地開花的發展時期，技術推廣的規律始終遵循的是從文化中心區向外逐步擴散的路徑，所以偏遠地區總是存在著一定技術滯后的現象。據此邏輯，海南地處邊陲，《海氏族譜》在明代就采用成熟的雕版印刷技術印制的可能性很小。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">循著這初步的判斷邏輯查證，筆者發現閻根齊先生《遷瓊<海氏族譜>研究》一文對“海氏族譜木刻板屬于清代之物”的觀點提出了確據。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">據現存版本資料，遷瓊以來，《海氏族譜》到清末經歷了8次大型修撰。第一次，海瑞伯父海澄修于明代成化至弘治年間；第二次，海瑞從兄海瑚修于明代嘉靖十三年；第三次，康熙九年海廷芳續修；第四次，乾隆五十年海岱重修；第五次，現存有道光二十五年版海氏族譜；第六次，咸豐初年海定清續修；第七次，光緒二十五年海連天續修，該譜流傳甚廣；第八次，清光緒三十二年海對蘇主修。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">將《海氏族譜》木刻板斷為清代，理由有三。其一，清光緒二十五年版的《海氏族譜》序里記載，至光緒二十五年《海氏族譜》才有了刊刻版，之前的版本皆系手抄本。其二，此《海氏族譜》木刻板刻有“海瑞像贊”——海瑞身著官服的坐像，且篆有“象賢堂”字樣。像贊，是族中有品望、有職銜者的畫像及贊語。一般情況下，族譜里發祥之祖及功德顯赫官階顯貴者，皆有遺像及贊，為引導后世子孫昭其德，繼其志。海瑞像贊與光緒二十五年海廷芳續修版的《海氏族譜》內容一致。其三，康熙年間，清廷為實現對海南的統治，瓊州府城的大戶和前朝遺老遷居鄉下。此時，海氏一族有三支遷離府城，其中一支落戶瓊山德興都天池村（今?？谑协偵絽^甲子鎮天塘村——編者注），始建海氏祠堂“象賢堂”。由此可知，此木刻板至少制作于“象賢堂”建立之后。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">族譜如何修訂</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">漢代以前族譜是祭祀先祖、明血統、辨世系、繼承財產的重要依據。而魏晉南北朝，選拔人才以“察舉”為主，族譜更成了一項具有政治身份意義的“世家證明”，在出仕、婚嫁、交際中都有重要的影響力，甚至為了保證族譜的權威性，政府設置了“譜局”來編修、收藏、管理族譜。隋唐以后，科舉取士制度逐步建立，族譜的政治用途削弱，族譜的編修權利又回歸民間。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">修訂族譜乃一族之大事，一般是具有名望的倡修者向族人發起倡議，舉全族之力組成籌備處，籌備所需錢財、人力、資料等。修譜工程浩大，資金一般由全族募捐而得，而編撰工作成立“譜局”，有總理全局者、篆修者、司庫者、謄寫者、司事者、刊刻者，通力合作，積年而成。雕版刻書業發達后，有專門“譜司”承攬族譜的刊刻工作。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">古代族譜管理自成一套體系。修撰完畢，族譜都需編號登記，一份供在祠堂，其余分發給族人且留有記錄。每逢正月，族人都需到祠堂聚會，登記自家人口變化，稱為“上譜”。對于“有辱門楣”的不肖子孫，如犯忤逆不孝、兇暴、參與叛亂者等等，則用族法懲罰，在族譜上除名，稱為“出族”。在影視劇《知否知否應是綠肥紅瘦》中，就有主角顧廷燁差點被后母小秦氏因不孝之罪請族內耆老將其“出族”的演繹。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">族譜也會“嫌貧愛富”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">《海氏族譜》厘定翔實，雖然版本繁雜，各版本間多有接續，脈絡明晰，書寫從實，是不可多得的價值史料。族譜“為親者諱”的緣故，并未善惡并書，僅擇其善書之，即使如此，也可作為地方志的補充部分。族譜作為一族之史，目的在于尊祖、收族、定長幼、弘禮教，但在編撰時總容易“走偏”，頗有“嫌貧愛富”之嫌。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">世俗修譜，常遠引古昔同姓名公巨卿為先祖，其中多牽強附會，這與主持編譜的人功利性主張有關。明代《關西方氏宗譜》序言就指出：“天下世家譜牒多矣。他譜喜借名位援遠族人，以張其大宗?！眰魇雷V牒經朝代更迭，多屢遭兵災，能存下者本寥寥。主持修譜工程，在沒有遠程通信的年代，須通過實地調查，援引各方資料，若嚴格者，則須多方考證，厘定錯誤；更多時僅憑老人口耳相傳，本就難免錯漏。若主持者為彰其宗族，在資料闕如的情況下演繹，實屬正常。但存心攀附，樂富貴認其非族者，恥貧賤而棄同族者的情況也非鮮有，這也就導致族譜內容可信度失真，失去了溯祖追源的初衷，也失去了部分史料價值。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“命途多舛”的族譜</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在修撰、管理族譜的過程中，最為棘手的非“避諱”莫屬。在古代，為回避君主和尊長名字，將該字改寫成同義字或近義字或缺筆或拆寫或刪改的處理，叫“文字避諱”。若處理不善，則族譜也會牽涉“文字獄”而連累族人。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">乾隆四十三年查辦違禁書籍，并為此大興“文字獄”，而族譜亦牽涉其中。凡涉及皇帝名諱、遠引古時帝王為始祖、使用措辭如“創業垂統”“丕基丕業”“暨王父”、登載前朝抗清佞臣詩文等，都涉嫌僭越，一概嚴禁，該族長須將譜并雕版赴縣衙呈繳。而若自行更正，勘誤工作則須根據登記編號，發布公告讓族人將族譜上交集中刪改，并報縣衙呈覽，工程相當繁瑣且仍容易出現錯漏。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">近年來，古文獻收藏、研究逐步熱門，存在各地檔案館、圖書館的族譜開始受到學者們的重視。根據《中國族譜綜合目錄》統計，國內館藏族譜大約12000余種，其中上海圖書館占其大數，將近11170種，其他存于各地圖書館中，這些族譜是研究地方史寶貴的資料，有待更多學者進一步發掘、研究。</p></div> <script>createDetailPageHTML(1, 0, "t1250110", "shtml")</script> <br> <div class="other-word"> </div> </br> <div class="maincon-l">[錄入者：<span>市旅文局</span>]</div> <div class="ie8sys screen" style="text-align: center;"> <span id="qr_container" style="font-weight: bold;color: #014886;font-size: 16px">掃一掃在手機打開當前頁</span> </div> <div class="newnewerm screen" id="div_div" style="margin:0 auto 10px;width:150px;height:150px;"> <div id="ewmfx"></div> <div id="qrcodeTable"></div> </div> <script> var xgnum = 0; if( xgnum != 0){ document.write("<div class='xgwd'><p>相關文檔</p></div>"); } </script> <ul class="xgwz"> </ul> </div> <div class="maincon-b"> 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