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href="../../../../../" target="_self" title="中國?？谡T戶網站" class="CurrChnlCls">中國?？谡T戶網站</a> >> <a href="../../../../" target="_self" title="市情" class="CurrChnlCls">市情</a> >> <a href="../../../" target="_self" title="歷史名城" class="CurrChnlCls">歷史名城</a> >> <a href="../../" target="_self" title="名勝古跡" class="CurrChnlCls">名勝古跡</a> >> <a href="../" target="_self" title="椰城傳說" class="CurrChnlCls">椰城傳說</a> >> 正文 </div> <div class="maincon"> <h1 class="maincon-t">海瑞：海色澄清不染塵</h1> <div class="maincon-i">中國?？谡T戶網站　　更新時間：2023-02-27 10:28 　　來源：海南日報　　作者：文\海南日報記者陳耿? ?圖\海南日報記者封爍</div> <div class="maincon-p"><input class="btn" onClick="javascript:window.print()" type="button" value="打印此文" name="print2" /> <input class="btn" onClick="window.close()" type="button" value="關閉窗口" name="close2" /></div> <div id="zl_Articel" class="maincon-c"> <div class="view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web"><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230227385771157831.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230227385035519787.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="4898008_hnrbtp1_1677404413422_b.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="4898008_hnrbtp1_1677404413422_b.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230227385771157831.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">編者按：</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞是中國廉潔文化的代表性人物，也是海南的一張地方文化名片。海南省第八次黨代會提出要“保護和利用好東坡文化、海瑞廉政文化、‘船型屋’等文化遺存”。去年12月，以國家文物保護單位海瑞墓為核心建成的海瑞文化公園開園，為我省弘揚廉政文化、開展黨風廉政教育提供了新平臺。本期海南周刊封面聚焦“清風揚廉”，敬請關注。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞文化公園入口處有一座照壁，上書“清似江水，質同鐘山”，落款為“明·王用汲”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">明萬歷十五年（1587年）冬天，海瑞在南京都察院右都御史任上病故。為他料理后事的，正是這位時任南京都察院僉都御史的王用汲。南京是明代中后期的留都，背靠萬里長江，城區以巍峨的鐘山為中心建設。王用汲用江水之“清”、鐘山之“質”來形容海瑞，不僅道出了海瑞廉潔、正直的品格，也說明他在人們心中是一個重量級的人物。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞一生“三起二落”、前后十九年為官，無論擔任何職，身居廟堂還是閑居家中，他始終從嚴要求自己，終以清廉、耿介聞名天下。他的一生留下了許多清廉故事，數百年后聽之仍給人以啟示和教育。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">生活儉約　　與家人屬下一起種菜自給</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞沒有高薪，卻很能養廉。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">據《明史》記載，海瑞在浙江嚴州府淳安知縣任上時，公務之余，換上布衣，親自給粟米脫殼，還讓身邊的仆人在縣衙的空地上種菜，讓家僮上山砍柴，自給自足。屬下小吏和文書沒有公務時去從事農耕或做買賣，他也不干涉。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞飲食儉約，很少吃肉，以至于有一次他買兩斤肉給母親謝氏做壽，被上級、浙江總督胡宗憲知道后，便在同僚中傳開，“昨聞海令為母壽，市肉二斤矣”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">除了吃，海瑞在衣著方面也很節儉，衣服、鞋襪破了，總是一補再補，冬天也不添置皮裘之類的衣物。在淳安的任期結束后，海瑞曾赴南京面見尚書朱衡（號鎮山），當時正值隆冬，他還穿著破舊的布衣。朱衡實在看不下去，說了一句：即使再貧寒，也不至于不能做一套官服吧？他才換了一身絹布官服。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">隆慶四年（1570年），海瑞巡撫江南時，因返還老百姓被占田地而得罪豪強，遭到彈劾，罷官回鄉，開始了16年的閑居生涯。在此期間，他的生活一如既往的儉約。海瑞不喜歡游山玩水，也不接觸閑雜人，常將俸銀、田租等收入用于幫助家族和親戚中的貧困者，縣里的一些寒士也得到過他的資助。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">萬歷初年，內閣首輔張居正想起用海內正直之臣，多人舉薦了海瑞。于是，他授意廣東按察御史，讓其暗訪海瑞家。御史看到海瑞家房屋低矮、家具簡陋，最終嘆服而去。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">明萬歷十五年（1587年），海瑞去世前三天，兵部派人送來柴火費用，多給了七錢，他堅決退了回去。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">拒絕“躺平”　　是個清官，也是個能吏</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞不僅懂得潔身自愛，也是一位實干型的官員，可謂是廉潔奉公的典范。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">比如，他在淳安的政績就可圈可點。淳安是個山區縣，地瘠民貧，除了茶、竹、杉、柏，幾乎沒有其他物產，許多農田被富戶霸占，老百姓生活艱難。海瑞到任淳安后，查看戶籍，發現“民戶逃亡者過半”，一問，原來他們因為無地可耕，又不堪稅賦之重，便逃到山里去了。于是，海瑞“度田定稅”，誰名下田地多，就多繳稅賦。此舉一出，那些富戶便“吐”出了之前霸占的農田，逃走的百姓陸續返家。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">據1927年刊行的《丘海合集》中的《海忠介公傳》記載，在淳安縣令位上時，海瑞還大幅減少里甲的稅賦，將之前的每丁四五兩銀子，減到每丁二錢多一點；衙門平時的各項開支，按需取用；上級官員發文到縣里索要銀兩，歷任知縣均勉力應付，海瑞則從罪犯的贖金中提取，有就往上交，沒有便作罷。上級官員通過書信等私下告訴他，不送錢就會有麻煩——“無則禍至”，海瑞回復說：“充軍死罪寧甘受，安可為此穿窬舉動！”意思是說，就算充軍或受死，他也不會去做這種翻墻頭、鉆墻洞的盜竊之事。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">淳安雖是個窮縣，卻多“淫祠”（未獲官方認可，以斂財為目的的祠廟），沒有社學。海瑞下令拆毀這類祠廟，興辦社學，發展教育，“振興士子以道義，不以勢利”。后來，淳安百姓說，海瑞當了三年縣令，除了取江水外，沒有拿過淳安一件物品。一直到天啟、崇禎年間，當地還流傳著對海瑞贊譽有加的民謠。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞在淳安任上政績卓越，被吏部擢升為浙江嘉興府通判，但因遭小人彈劾，最終平調到江西贛州府興國縣任職。興國也是個窮縣，積弊與淳安相似，海瑞采取與治理淳安類似的施政方略，很快就讓興國的民生得到改善。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">堅守原則　　對首輔徐階的回報</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞在興國當了一年知縣后，吏部擢升他為戶部主事。海瑞赴北京任職，不久便因上疏得罪嘉靖皇帝，被下詔獄。海瑞入獄后，嘉靖皇帝并沒有處死他的意思，不少正直的朝臣擇機為海瑞求情，其中包括首輔徐階，但海瑞被釋放，是在1566年嘉靖駕崩之后。很快，海瑞獲隆慶皇帝重用，多次升遷。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">通過隆慶年間（1567年至1572年）海瑞寫給徐階的《啟閣老徐存翁》《啟徐存翁閣老》《復徐存齋閣老》等幾封書信，可略知他們之間的一些恩怨，也可窺見海瑞回報恩人的別樣方式——勸廉。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞入仕后，一直將母親謝氏帶在身邊，從福建南平到浙江淳安，再到江西興國。海瑞進京當戶部主事后，謝氏怕北方天冷，仍住在江西。隆慶元年（1567年）七月底，海瑞以大理寺左寺丞奉命出京，然后于九月趕到江西與母親見面，兩個月后接到新的任命——南京通政司右通政，于是母子二人又輾轉到了南京。海瑞得知這一路上的開銷，都是徐階“厚給路費”后，曾去信致謝。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">隆慶二年（1568年）七月，海瑞得知徐階致仕后，又修書一封，說到自己的私事——喪偶，可見他對徐階的信任。他還在信的末尾善意提醒徐階要注意社會輿論，因為徐階的官船抵達揚州時，曾讓當地官員等候迎接，這事已傳到他耳中。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">隆慶三年（1569年）六月，海瑞擔任南京右僉都御史，總理糧儲提督軍務兼巡撫應天十府，巡撫的范圍包括南京、蘇州、常州、鎮江、松江、徽州、太平、寧國、安慶、池州等地，還兼理浙江杭州、嘉興、湖州三府的稅糧。此時的海瑞，走上了仕途的巔峰。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">徐階是松江府華亭縣人，其家族多年來圈了大量土地，積累了許多財富。海瑞巡撫江南要求富豪退田時，得知徐家主動退田不多，便給徐階寫信，加以勸告。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">徐階是海瑞的恩人，但海瑞不因私廢公。徐階收信后，仍不愿多退田，找閣老李春芳出面疏通。海瑞則在回信中告訴李春芳，徐家“產業之多，令人駭異”，若不退田過半，就會背負為富不仁的罵名，反而有損徐階的聲譽。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">廉聲遠播　　“海青天”流芳千古</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">海瑞因耿介成為士林楷模，是從給嘉靖皇帝上《直言天下第一事疏》（又稱《治安疏》）開始的，嘉靖雖然對他又恨又惱，但知道其政績和操守后，也不得不肯定海瑞“忠比比干”；嘉靖死后，隆慶皇帝重用海瑞，對其十分賞識；即便到了晚年，海瑞仍被萬歷皇帝起用。因為在朝廷看來，海瑞是忠臣、是清官、是人臣的標桿，具有榜樣的力量，對貪腐勢力有震懾作用。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在海瑞擔任過官職的地方，百姓自發建祠紀念他，甚至在他生前就建“生祠”以表其功德。他在南京病故歸葬海南時，南京的民眾還自發為他送行，如喪考妣。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">即便到了清代，海瑞依然受到官方的尊重。譬如，清康熙年間的雷瓊兵備道道臺焦映漢視察海南時，就曾尋訪海瑞故里，拜謁海瑞墓園，重刊《海瑞文集》，并以海瑞的清廉事跡警示教育瓊州各級官員。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">北包拯，南海瑞。鐵面無私、兩袖清風的包拯享有“包青天”之美譽，清正廉潔、剛直不阿的海瑞則是百姓心中的“海青天”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">斯人海瑞已去，浩然正氣長存。在我國反腐倡廉工作常態化的今天，在海南大力推進清廉自貿港建設的背景下，講好海瑞的清廉故事，弘揚廉潔文化，具有重要而深遠的意義。</p></div> <script>createDetailPageHTML(1, 0, "t1227134", "shtml")</script> <br> <div class="other-word"> </div> </br> <div class="maincon-l">[錄入者：<span>市旅文局</span>]</div> <div class="ie8sys screen" style="text-align: center;"> <span id="qr_container" style="font-weight: bold;color: #014886;font-size: 16px">掃一掃在手機打開當前頁</span> </div> <div class="newnewerm screen" id="div_div" style="margin:0 auto 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