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href="../../../../../" target="_self" title="中國?？谡T戶網站" class="CurrChnlCls">中國?？谡T戶網站</a> >> <a href="../../../../" target="_self" title="市情" class="CurrChnlCls">市情</a> >> <a href="../../../" target="_self" title="歷史名城" class="CurrChnlCls">歷史名城</a> >> <a href="../../" target="_self" title="名勝古跡" class="CurrChnlCls">名勝古跡</a> >> <a href="../" target="_self" title="民俗風情" class="CurrChnlCls">民俗風情</a> >> 正文 </div> <div class="maincon"> <h1 class="maincon-t">《瓊崖古驛道》還原海南千年驛道</h1> <div class="maincon-i">中國?？谡T戶網站　　更新時間：2023-03-13 09:46 　　來源：海南日報　　作者：劉夢曉</div> <div class="maincon-p"><input class="btn" onClick="javascript:window.print()" type="button" value="打印此文" name="print2" /> <input class="btn" onClick="window.close()" type="button" value="關閉窗口" name="close2" /></div> <div id="zl_Articel" class="maincon-c"> <div class="view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web"><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230313353007022856.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230313352333359225.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="1.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="1.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230313353007022856.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">定安縣城北門門洞的玄武巖石板驛道，原貌保存至今。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230313353007045856.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230313352578590207.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="2.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="2.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230313353007045856.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">《瓊崖古驛道》書影。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230313353007061000.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230313352648232434.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="3.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="3.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230313353007061000.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">澄邁縣老城鎮大豐村的清代石板驛道。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“瓊崖古驛道”是指海南古代驛道系統，主體是“環島驛道”，加一條中路短線。環島驛道以千年歲月逐漸成形，作為海南現代交通的源頭，對推動海南社會發展厥功至偉，堪稱海南最大的系統性歷史遺存。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">最近，何以端《瓊崖古驛道》新書發布，書中力求考證瓊崖古驛道每個節點的確切位置，拭去歲月塵埃再現其走向。追溯信史意義上的古驛道既是慰藉鄉愁，也是尋回歷史重心，傳唱千年史詩……</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在影視劇中，我們常常聽到“八百里加急”等字眼，腦海中隨之出現“一卷黃塵滾滾”的畫面。在交通工具以馬匹為主的古代，這些重要的消息信件往來，正是通過古驛道傳遞到中央。而中央的信息，也是通過古驛道向全國輻射。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">驛道是中國古代陸地交通主通道，屬于重要軍政設施，用于傳輸軍用糧草物資、傳遞軍政文件，同時也是民間商旅的重要通道。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">歷史上著名的古驛道有很多，如絲綢之路是其中一條，湖廣驛道、杭徽驛道、青蒿驛道、梅關古驛道等亦是我國古代驛道系統中的重要咽喉要道。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">文明通過一條條驛道傳播。古時海南同樣如此。在海南歷史文化學者何以端看來，瓊崖古驛道正是海南經典農耕文化圈的主心骨。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">東廂與西廂形成閉環? 完整驛道始于明代</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">瓊崖古驛道是怎樣的一種存在？</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">翻開《瓊崖古驛道》一書的封面，一幅明代瓊島驛道總圖出現在眼前：以如今的?？跒槠瘘c，從瓊臺驛向東出發，沿途會經過文昌驛、萬全驛、烏石驛、博吉驛等12個驛站，抵達潮源驛（在今三亞市崖州區），這條路線是為東廂。從潮源驛繼續向西行走，由南至北又會相繼經過義寧驛、昌江驛、古儋驛、珠崖驛、通潮驛等13個驛站，最終回到瓊臺驛，這條路線統稱西廂。東廂與西廂，形成了一個沿瓊島海岸線行走的圓圈。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“在人類社會的幼稚期，交通就已經存在。到產生國家雛形時，為了實行政權的有效管治，人員往來和信息的傳遞渠道必不可少，于是產生了專為官方服務的交通即郵驛?！焙我远私榻B，驛傳用于各種公文信息傳遞，是中央政權對各地實行有效統治的必要前提；驛道用于物資運輸、軍隊調動和后勤補給，以及官員出差、調任與巡視，“離開了這一切，政權管治就是一句空話?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">西漢元封元年（公元前110年），漢武帝設置儋耳、珠崖二郡，這是華夏朝廷首次在海南設立政權，中原文化對海南開始產生直接影響，主要作用在島北平原臺地。但由于管治缺陷，六十余年后朝廷不得不棄置了對海南的直接管治。南朝時，俚人大首領冼夫人率海南重返華夏懷抱。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">何以端在書中寫道：唐代驛傳規模比秦漢更大，制度更完備。一般認為，海南即使漢代未能設置旱路專驛，唐代驛道已沒有疑問，只是具體情況沒有直接史料可尋。唐代最具代表性的驛道，應是郡治（約今?？谂f州一帶）至今文昌縣治的一段。今東路鎮潭豹南村系唐宋文昌縣治所在地，亦系明代賓宰驛所在地。該處遠離海岸，附近河流是上游小溪，無法行船與郡治相通，陸驛為社會活動所必需。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">到了宋代，則將郵驛軍事化，由兵部和樞密院分權管理郵驛，兩個機構相制約，不得專擅，這與對軍隊的指揮權分置是一樣的。由于郵驛系統效率高，制度成熟，基本模式一直延續至清末，才為近代郵政系統所取代。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">瓊崖驛道古來有之，為何選取明代瓊島驛道總圖作為瓊崖古驛道的全貌展現？原來，經過研究推演，何以端認為現存記載完整的海南古驛道，是明洪武三年 (1370年) 重新開始有序運行的，其效能可靠，反映了華夏文化的領先水平，其中不少路段是對更早的宋元線路的繼承。按明代記載環島驛東、西兩廂的長度，分別為1110里和1120里，共合2230里。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">案頭研判與實地勘察結合? ?定位古驛道之所在</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">社會發展，不少古驛道都已經消失，但并非無跡可尋。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“在研究中國交通運輸歷史時，我們會驚嘆驛道系統的完善、合理、穩定，其實每一條延續使用的驛道都是無數次試錯的結果?！?復旦大學資深教授、中央文史研究館館員葛劍雄在為《瓊崖古驛道》一書所作的序中指出，驛道的距離必須與治理的要求相適應，在具體的地理環境中，郡、縣的幅員要與驛道的距離相適應。驛道的距離過遠，不僅維護成本過高，而且無法滿足行政人流和物流的需要，必然影響治理效率。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">葛劍雄認為，可以肯定，絕大多數驛道都是在原始道路的基礎上形成的，而原始道路的走向本來就是先民不斷試錯的成果。驛道也會在使用的過程中，根據人流和物流的需要不斷改善優化，如路面的拓寬、加固、硬化、鋪裝、美化，對橋梁、碼頭、尖站、倉房、館舍不時維修改建，如由渡船改為浮橋，建為木橋、石橋，加上護坡、護欄。一旦因天災人禍受到破壞，或人流物流劇增而無法承擔，必定會重建或增建、改線、改道。由于從秦朝到清末，使用的交通工具都是人力或畜力，沒有質的變化，驛道設施始終適應，驛道系統十分穩定。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">汽車進入中國后，各地最早的公路幾乎都是利用驛道，因為驛道的基礎和相關設施只要稍作加固和拓寬就能符合公路的標準，唯一的大工程就是要將原來的階梯橋梁改建成平橋，但路線基本不變。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">隨著近代工業文明的發展，道路交通及出行工具有了翻天覆地的變化，隨之帶來的是古驛道的快速亡佚。為了記錄下這些不斷消逝的文明，何以端早在2007年時，就開始關注瓊崖古驛道。在何以端看來，這都是海南文明不可或缺的見證，同時也是亟須記錄的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">對于何以端而言，尋找一條條古驛道，就像是尋回海南古文明的地理骨架的過程。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“那時候有不少本土文史愛好者通過天涯論壇的‘走讀海南’板塊，分享一些古驛道見聞，后來我在史料中尋找證據?！焙我远嗽趯ほE瓊崖古驛道時，不僅從《海南地方志叢刊》《瓊崖文庫》等文獻資料中尋找證據，還實地進行勘察。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“從已知推斷未知，需要盡可能搜集材料，案頭與勘察結合，歷史與地理結合?！痹谡覍き倣u古驛道的十多年時間中，何以端曾十數次來到海南島。對于每個驛站和大部分鋪舍位置，以及相關橋渡、關隘、軍屯，他都爭取親勘實地進行田野調查。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">案頭研判一段，實地勘察一段，帶著新問題重返案頭——如此循環。何以端參照史料記載與現實地貌的空間聯系，逐一考察驛道與全島放射狀入海的大小河流如何相交、如何通過，必要時局部深入水文演替史追溯，同時兼顧沿海外環山丘與驛道的制約關系，最后逐段在地圖上定位。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“比如我們有一張等高線圖，可以看到山川河流的走向。按照常理推測，驛道的修建會盡量繞開低洼濕地、山嶺等難走的地方，尋找一年四季最容易通行、最直接的那條路線?！焙我远苏f，先人開疆拓土，擇地生根，聚族成村，歷經漫長歲月，地區通道逐漸成形。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在成書的過程中，何以端多次感嘆，古驛道既體現官方管治全局所需，也是對前人線路的概括優化。逐段回溯，可以體現在生產力有限的條件下，驛道如何實現效率，以及在克服地形水文障礙、規避侵害勢力等矛盾時的諸多機變取舍，“因此不由得對古人的智慧勤勞，懷一份特別敬仰?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">古驛道乃人文薈萃之地? ?財富至今潤澤后人</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">瓊崖古驛道又是人文薈萃之地，與海南諸多古城古跡古事結為有機整體，像一根金線串起一串珍珠，熠熠生輝相互呼應，不再孤立存在，因而“柳暗花明又一村”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">例如，?？诿捞m國際機場以其所在地美蘭村得名，而美蘭村就是明初驛道梅藍鋪所在村的原名原位；南渡江之名源于宋初府城以南的“南渡”，系東路驛道必經之地，南渡村原位今存；宋代胡銓、楊萬里所經停的歸姜驛明代尚在運作，線路可考；唐宋以降數百年文昌縣治所在地、明代“邢丘相送”的葫蘆谷等都在驛道、相距不遠；永樂大航海時代“番國貢船”指定首泊港及百余年中接待無數貢使的德化驛，是“海上絲路”的特殊節點，遺址清晰。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">實際上，城市里我們熟悉的某些道路，也是從古驛道演化而來。在如今?？谑?，以忠介路、文莊路為橫向，朱云路和中山北路為縱向形成的一片區域，是古時候的府城城區，其中忠介路和文莊路向西延伸，經過大路街、黃槐路（海南師范大學校園內）、城西路，是西行驛道。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">如今，這些道路成為城市重要街道，置身車水馬龍之中，誰能想到這就曾是古驛道？</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">不僅在城市里，村莊里的古驛道也在人們經常行走的腳下。瓊海市留客村的蔡家宅是當地知名旅游景點，每年光臨游客無數。但鮮為人知的是，蔡家宅房屋之后的村路，就曾是一段古驛道。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“古時候留客村有碼頭，是繁華的貿易之地，途經的游客在這里住宿做生意，互通有無。雖然那時候還沒有蔡家宅，但是古驛道是早就有之，進一步暢通了往來交易?！焙我远苏f。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">除了這些已經看不到舊貌的古驛道，何以端在海南考察的過程中，還記錄了至今仍然存在的青磚古路。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">比如定安縣城北門門洞及城外“外巷”，通往百米外現已廢棄的南渡江碼頭。這里鋪設有相當規整的玄武巖石道及石階梯，總長近百米，原貌保存至今。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">清康熙后社會治安轉穩，定城重開北門，中路驛道自南渡江北門渡入定安城，北門這段石板道就是驛道。其寬窄、質量，遠優于大豐村石板道，但又不如“五里官道”，是研究古驛道不可多得的歷史遺物。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">又如?？谑协偵絽^北鋪村的石板道，保存完整，做工精美纖巧，斜坡位置的石板還特地鑿出防滑十字紋，質量頗優。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在X151縣道龍泉鎮以南三里處，有幸存的明中期石板道。之所以稱之為“幸存”，正因為在1990年初，東線高速實現半幅通車，車輛對X151縣道的碾壓大大減輕，此前這段縣道無橋不能直通定安縣，走的車不多，否則石板早就粉碎無存。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">據何以端介紹，從如今道路的演化來推算，瓊崖古驛道是現代交通的源頭。當代海南的主干道，包括省道、國道、高速公路乃至高鐵，常有沿襲驛道走向者，尤以中部南部山海之間最為明顯。因為利用天然通道，選擇地形阻力最小的線路筑路，是古今共同的智慧取向。從這個意義上說，古驛道留下的財富至今還在潤澤著后人。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">本版圖片均由何以端提供</p></div> <script>createDetailPageHTML(1, 0, "t1248489", "shtml")</script> <br> <div class="other-word"> </div> </br> <div class="maincon-l">[錄入者：<span>市旅文局</span>]</div> <div class="ie8sys screen" style="text-align: center;"> <span id="qr_container" style="font-weight: bold;color: #014886;font-size: 16px">掃一掃在手機打開當前頁</span> </div> <div class="newnewerm screen" id="div_div" style="margin:0 auto 10px;width:150px;height:150px;"> <div id="ewmfx"></div> <div id="qrcodeTable"></div> </div> <script> var xgnum = 0; if( xgnum != 0){ document.write("<div class='xgwd'><p>相關文檔</p></div>"); } </script> <ul class="xgwz"> </ul> </div> <div class="maincon-b"> <div class="share" id="share"> <div class="share-icon"></div> <div class="share-box" id="share-box"> <a class="share-btn gwds_weixin" 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