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href="../../../../../" target="_self" title="中國?？谡T戶網站" class="CurrChnlCls">中國?？谡T戶網站</a> >> <a href="../../../../" target="_self" title="市情" class="CurrChnlCls">市情</a> >> <a href="../../../" target="_self" title="歷史名城" class="CurrChnlCls">歷史名城</a> >> <a href="../../" target="_self" title="名勝古跡" class="CurrChnlCls">名勝古跡</a> >> <a href="../" target="_self" title="民俗風情" class="CurrChnlCls">民俗風情</a> >> 正文 </div> <div class="maincon"> <h1 class="maincon-t">瓊島風物上的蛙紋</h1> <div class="maincon-i">中國?？谡T戶網站　　更新時間：2023-02-20 15:35 　　來源：海南日報　　作者：劉亭亭</div> <div class="maincon-p"><input class="btn" onClick="javascript:window.print()" type="button" value="打印此文" name="print2" /> <input class="btn" onClick="window.close()" type="button" value="關閉窗口" name="close2" /></div> <div id="zl_Articel" class="maincon-c"> <div class="view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web"><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230220561836507115.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230220561320770747.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="1.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="1.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230220561836507115.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">清代八蛙銅鑼。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230220561836528004.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230220561451883081.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="2.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="2.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230220561836528004.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">清代三蛙耳銅鑼。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230220561836540430.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230220561511597379.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="3.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="3.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230220561836540430.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">漢代臨高擁武立蛙銅鼓。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230220561836569099.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230220561581710952.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="4.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="4.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230220561836569099.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">蛙紋束頸陶罐。</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="./W020230220561836586123.jpg" data-uploadpic="U020230220561645458957.jpg" needdownload="true" data-needdownload="true" title="5.jpg" alt="" style="" picname="5.jpg" OLDSRC="W020230220561836586123.jpg" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;">黎錦上的蛙紋圖案。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">此時的海南島才是早春，南渡江邊的池塘里已是蛙聲一片。蛙類不僅是海南島上常見的兩棲動物，還成為獨特的文化符號出現在諸多的瓊島風物上。遠到漢代的銅鼓，近到黎族同胞衣服上的紋飾，蛙紋成為海島上一道獨特的文化風景。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">銅鼓上的立蛙</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">一般所謂的中國“八大類型銅鼓”中，北流型、靈山型、冷水沖型和西蒙型銅鼓的鼓面都見有立蛙形象，其中北流型和靈山型在海南島上出土最多。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">1984年3月，臨高縣馬裊鄉擁武村農民在耕地時挖出1面銅鼓，其鼓身圓鼓，腰部微束，大圈足殘損，腰足間以凸棱分界，通體有明顯的范鑄痕跡。沿鼓面飾以單蛙和累蹲蛙各3只，逆時針環列鼓面一周。鼓面中心飾以凸起的8芒太陽紋，由太陽紋向外以同心圓形式分布12層光暈。鼓面暈飾四出錢紋、花紋、鳥紋；鼓身以弦紋為界飾以四出錢紋、鳥紋和席紋。從其形制和紋飾等來看，臨高擁武銅鼓屬于靈山型，鼓面上的六只立蛙，后面的兩個蛙腿并為一條，整體看蛙腿只有三條，與其他類型銅鼓的四足立蛙明顯不同。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">臨高擁武靈山型銅鼓的蛙紋是三足且蛙身有明顯紋飾，其鼓面還飾有四出錢紋，這自然讓人想到被民間稱為招財蟾的三足金蟾，南宋詩人范成大在《桂海虞衡志》曾對銅鼓進行描繪：“其制如坐墩，而空其下，滿鼓皆細花紋，極工致，四角有小蟾蜍?！彼舱J為四角的小動物是蟾蜍。民間傳說中三足蟾喜居寶地，凡是找到這種金蟾的地方，周邊必是有寶。俗語有云：“劉海戲金蟾，一步一生錢?！比缃袷忻嫔铣Ｒ姷慕痼搞曘~錢的工藝品多是三足，便取源于此。不過除擁武這件靈山型銅鼓外，其他銅鼓的蛙紋多是四足且蛙背光滑，與蟾蜍明顯不同，更像是立體的青蛙形象。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">擁武靈山型銅鼓的六處立蛙中，有三處是累蹲蛙的式樣，即一只小蛙伏在大蛙背上。幼兒伏在母親背上是動物界常見的現象，除了人類，像幼年的考拉等也會伏在母親背上，所以累蹲蛙的造型自然也讓人想到這是成年蛙背負著幼蛙。像比較知名的明清玉帶鉤題材“蒼龍教子”，便是一只小螭龍伏在大龍的腹部，不過也有說法認為此造型并非“蒼龍教子”，而是雙龍交媾的情境。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">黎族的蛙鑼</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">除卻銅鼓，另一類黎族樂器銅鑼上也常見蛙類造型。清代李調元所撰《南越筆記》有記載，“瓊州有黎金，似銅鼓而匾小，上三耳，中微其臍，黎人擊之以為號，此即鐺也。古時蠻部多以銅為兵，以銅為器，富者鳴銅鼓，貧者鳴鐺，以為聚會之樂?！毕袢齺喪胁┪镳^館藏清代蛙鑼，鑼面光滑，正面略凸似龜背，中有一鑼槌圓心，外有一道突起的圓脊，以增加被敲打時鑼面受力的強度。環鑼身一周飾以8個圓環耳，耳內各有一只小蛙，在小圓耳上呈蹲伏狀，小蛙四腳伏環的地方為著力點，其余鏤空，似在全身蓄力隨時準備跳躍而出。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">常見的銅鑼掛耳上的小蛙以三只居多，三亞市博物館這件竟有8只，是迄今為止筆者所見過銅鑼中蛙飾最多的一件，其年代有可能晚至民國。民國《感恩縣志》記載：“最貴鈴鑼，豪強之家有以十數牛易一鑼者?！蓖荑尡焕枳逋暈檎鋵?，有些蛙鑼還飾以精致的錢紋、回紋和云紋，是權力、財富和威望的象征，在民間稱之為“寶鑼”。蛙鑼既是民間樂器，又是宗教器具和傳信工具。據海南省民族博物館征集部陳梅菊主任介紹，由于蛙鑼的珍貴性，一般是由黎族家族中的長者保存，長者有時會把蛙鑼放在洞穴或埋入地下，等遇到重要場合才會取出使用。有些長者突然過世后，由于蛙鑼的埋藏地點不為別人所知，便無法再在家族中傳承。有些被人無意挖出的蛙鑼，不少就是長者逝世后遺失的。有些三耳的蛙鑼，中間的掛環內為青蛙，另外兩環內則是圓點，這種圓點一般認為是蛙的受精卵，所以蛙鑼也有生殖崇拜的寓意。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">陶瓷和黎錦上的蛙紋</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">束頸大罐是海南本地最具特色的陶瓷器之一，大罐的頸部常貼塑有水生動物，其中以伏蛙最為多見，在儋州市碗窯村窯址和澄邁縣福安窯址考古調查時，就曾發現有貼塑蛙紋的罐類殘片。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">束頸大罐作為較大型的容器，主要是裝置糧食和水等老百姓的生活必需品。在科技并不發達的古代，自然變化對老百姓的生活影響巨大，像水旱災害會直接導致糧食歉收，影響到最基本的民生。海南島是熱帶季風氣候，極端天氣并不少見。蛙作為島上很常見的動物，雨季來臨的時候，它們對雷雨的反應極為靈敏，因而被先民視為季節和水旱的先知，可能由此而產生出圖騰崇拜。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">銅鼓、蛙鑼上的蛙屬于立體造型，黎錦上的蛙紋則是真正圖案化的蛙。蛙紋和變形蛙紋是黎錦上最常見的紋樣之一，有些紋飾是相對比較具象的蛙形；有些蛙的頭、軀體和四肢幾乎都菱形化，雖然是簡單的線條，但連在一起就是蛙紋。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">從海南館藏的黎錦來看，有不少黎族婦女的筒裙上織著蛙紋圖案。另外，過去黎族婦女有文身的習俗，文身的式樣中也有蛙紋。黎錦和文身的蛙紋與黎族婦女所戴的麒麟掛件可能有相同的功用，麒麟掛件有“麒麟求子”的寓意。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">再就是，歷史上黎族人民祈雨求豐收，長年累月的生活經驗告訴他們，蛙鳴雨至。像青蛙在稻田中為人類捕蟲除害，保證了糧食豐收，從這個層面來說，青蛙造型也是一種吉祥的象征。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">對于蛙的生殖崇拜和蛙能卜雨的觀念，自然是一種并不科學的認知，但其本質是人們憧憬美好生活的外化。而且，通過藝術創作的形式將這種觀念融入器物之中，使得銅鑼、黎錦等風物不知不覺地包含了瓊島民眾的審美取向，成為了帶有地域特色的文化遺產。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">本版圖片均由劉亭亭提供</p></div> <script>createDetailPageHTML(1, 0, "t1226299", "shtml")</script> <br> <div class="other-word"> </div> </br> <div class="maincon-l">[錄入者：<span>市旅文局</span>]</div> <div class="ie8sys screen" style="text-align: center;"> <span id="qr_container" style="font-weight: bold;color: #014886;font-size: 16px">掃一掃在手機打開當前頁</span> </div> <div class="newnewerm screen" id="div_div" style="margin:0 auto 10px;width:150px;height:150px;"> <div id="ewmfx"></div> <div id="qrcodeTable"></div> </div> <script> var xgnum = 0; if( xgnum != 0){ document.write("<div class='xgwd'><p>相關文檔</p></div>"); } 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